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Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Despite been a fertile hybrid with the problem of precocious sexual maturity and unwanted reproduction, this hybrid has been considered one of the most popular modern aquaculture candidates used in semi-intensive culture systems Watanabe et al. The induction of triploidy in tilapia seems to be a better option for improving performance characteristics because of the possibility of having higher percentages of male tilapia Pradeep et al.
However, one of the major drawbacks of temperature or chemical shock techniques is the difficulty of application for mass production in commercial aquaculture Pradeep et al.
Although triploidization using pressure shocks provides results that are more consistent and PT with lower mortality rates compared to temperature shock, the cost implication and availability of suitable equipment for this process limits its practical application especially for RI small and medium scale farms Teskeredtit et al.
T he use of electric shock could be a viable alternative for the commercial production of triploid if the process is optimized. SC However, this line of research has not been extensively exploited but has been reported to induce polyploidy in oyster, mussels Cadoret , coho salmon Teskeredtit et al. There is a paucity of information on the use of this technique for triploidization in many commercially exploited fish species.
One major variable influencing MA the effectiveness of shock treatment during triploidization is the duration of the shock process Felip et al. This study is therefore aimed at determining the optimum time of electric shock that could induce higher percentages of triploidy in red hybrid tilapia and at the same ED time maintain hatchability at a reasonably high rate.
In addition, we confirmed triploidization in this study by counting the chromosome number of the progenies gotten and also EP T establishing exclusive triploid ranges for the erythrocyte parameters gotten.
Materials and Methods AC C Broodstock collection, maintenance, and spawning Sexually mature brood fish of red hybrid tilapia were obtained from cages maintained by fish farmers at the Kenyir Lake in Terengganu, Malaysia number of generations and breeding lines unknown. They were acclimatized for one month in L 2.
Brood fish selection criteria for this study were based on the reports of Rothbard and Pruginin Three mating pairs were used for each of the three trials reported in this study. The fish behaviour during the latency period was closely monitored for PT pre-spawning signs i. As soon as this is observed, the females are removed and RI stripped into a clean dry petri dish. Simultaneously, the male counterpart is also stripped and Triploidy induction and egg incubation NU eggs and sperm as well as activation with water.
SC the sperm collected using a fine capillary tube. Fertilization was then done by mixing the The fertilized eggs were quickly divided into seven batches for the control both negative and MA positive control and the experimental groups i. Triploidization induction was initiated approximately 4 min after fertilization using the optimized extrusion time for the second polar body previously reported by Pradeep ED for the same species.
Electric shock for the treatment group was achieved using heavy duty batteries set to produce a constant electric field of 12V The voltage used was selected EP T based on the results of our unpublished preliminary studies which suggest better breeding performance with 12V with prolonged time.
The electric probes positive and negative ends were individually placed in the opposite edges of the triplicate aquariums previously tagged AC C based on the duration of the shock to be induced. Also, to facilitate the transmission of the electric field generated the water medium for the treatment groups were maintained at a salinity level of 5ppt. As a result, the positive control group without shock was also maintained in a similar saline medium i.
This was done to determine whether or not salinity exposure in the treatment group affected the outcome observed in the study. The negative control group was however maintained in freshwater post-fertilization. The duration of shock was monitored for each treatment using a stopwatch while the electric field was monitored using a voltmeter.
The control groups were also held in a similar system. Each treatment PT and control groups were in triplicates, while data for this study was gotten from three trials. Survival post endogenous feeding for all the groups was determined and larvae were given freshly hatched Artemia nauplii ad libitum.
AC C Ploidy determination Ploidy determination was done by combining chromosome counts using the modified procedure of Liu et al. In brief, five fish samples one month old from each group fish of similar weight from both treatment and control groups were selected and a drop of blood was taken from the caudal peduncle region using a needle and placed on a clean microscopic slide. A dry blood smear was then prepared on the slide Normala et al.
The slides were kept until the chromosome number of the representative fish were confirmed as discussed in the next paragraph before further erythrocyte measurement and analysis was done. Gill tissues were removed and treated with KCL, methanol-acetic acid fixative and Giemsa stain according to the modified method previously reported by Okomoda et al.
The chromosomal spreads in each slide were counted. Spreads showing 44 PT chromosomes were tagged as diploid while those with 66 chromosomes were tagged triploid. Source Normala et al. However, when the assumptions of normality and homogeneity did not hold, data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The diploid-triploid ratio, percentage increment or SC decrease, exclusive triploid ranges and the percentages of cell within the exclusive triploid range of each measured or calculated parameters were determined using the Microsoft excel NU software.
In order to identify the influential erythrocyte parameters that is important for the done using the PAST free software.
Importantly, triploidy was not observed in either the positive or the negative control groups AC C and they both showed similarities in all the breeding parameters reported. The survival rate of the hatched fry post endogenous feeding was similar for both control groups and in all the treatment groups.
Table 1: Breeding characteristics and triploidization percentage of red hybrid tilapia eggs exposed to different duration of electric shock. EP T More so, apart from the nuclear axis ratio and the cell nuclear area ratio, all the other erythrocyte parameters measured or calculated exhibited size ranges exclusive to triploid progenies. Of all these parameters, the cell major axis had the highest percentage of AC C erythrocytes Figure 3: Erythrocyte morphology of a diploid and b triploid red hybrid tilapia.
Table 2: Erythrocyte characteristics of diploid and triploid red hybrid tilapia. The eigenvalue of the first three principal components PC was more than 1, hence were selected as recommended by Kaiser, These three PC cumulatively accounted for ED Aside from the cell axis ratio, nuclear axis ratio, cell nuclear area ratio, all other parameters were very influential EP T principal components in the current study considering the 1st PC.
The values in the body of the table are component loading. An earlier study by Rodriguez-Montes et al. Their report suggests that breeding performance of the red hybrid tilapia eggs were not affected with prolonged incubation and exposure to the PT high salinity levels. Hence, it could be stated that the short exposure time used to facilitate electric field transmission for triploidization in the current study did not significantly affect RI the breeding parameters reported.
Also, the diploid status of all the progenies of the positive SC control group further suggests that the low salinity shock did not result in triploidy induction despite coinciding with the time of second polar body extrusion during the embryogenetic NU process. This study shows that it is possible to prevent the extrusion of the second polar body using electric shock.
This is justified by the fact that all tested duration produced some progenies ED with triploidy status. Many researchers had advanced different theories for the mechanism involved in the retention of the second polar body using other physical shock procedure. EP T These include alteration in developmental rates; disruption of the microtubules of the meiotic spindle or induced cytoplasmic density changes Hussain ; Pandian and Koteeswaran ; Maxime ; Piferrer et al.
While the underlining mechanism involved in the AC C current study remains to be elucidated, one or some of these factors may be responsible for the effectiveness of the electric shock used to induce triploidization in this study. A similar observation was reported by Teskeredtit et al. It is important to note that the highest triploidy percentage observed in this study was lower compared to those of the optimized cold-shock treatment Triploidy percentage in the PT current study was done using the exclusive triploid ranges of the erythrocyte to characterize the entire population of the surviving fish at one month of age.
Hence, the discrepancy in RI triploid percentage in the different studies may have arousing form differences in methods of SC triploidy assessment in addition to the differences in the shock procedures. The assessment method used in the current study ensured easy and timely characterization of all the fish in NU each group with great precision.
This is despite the fact that diploid and triploid red hybrid tilapia erythrocytes are similar in shape oval , hence, making visual observation alone MA largely inaccurate. Although erythrocyte size variation has long been used as a simpler index of discriminating diploid and triploid fishes see, Varadaraj and Pandian ; Koedprang and Na-Nakron, ED ; Woznicki and Kuzminski ; Johnson et al.
In the current study, the parameter with the highest percentages of erythrocytes Normala et al. Many previous studies have also earlier advanced the suitability of erythrocyte major axis in discriminating triploid and diploid fishes compared to other measured or calculated parameters Wolter et al. Thus the established exclusive triploid range could serve as a baseline for future ploidy determination of red hybrid tilapia in the laboratory or on the field, thereby taking advantage of reduced assessment time and accuracy of this method.
Generally, the significant increase in the measured or calculated erythrocyte parameters was expected in the triploid progenies as the number of chromosomes increased Wolters et al. Similar phenomenon has been demonstrated in loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Gao et al. The amount of energy in the shockwaves is controlled with different acceleration of the … 64bdbb59a4 60 Even the simplest electrical system can become dangerous. Unless proper procedures are instituted, personnel installing or servicing these systems are frequently ….
A secondary effect of an electric shock is the trauma which can result from falling due to the reaction from the shock. The clinical effects of electric shock …. Human Torso Small 23 parts Rs.
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